基于三维结构分析的碳排放总量控制研究——以浙江省为例

控制碳排放总量是能源环境治理的重要手段,是高质量发展的应有之义,更是我国完成2030年前碳达峰、争取2060年前实现碳中和的必然要求,但目前国家和地方并未明确实行碳排放总量控制。本研究以浙江为例,从能源生产侧、能源消费侧、区域三个维度,分析识别出浙江省碳排放总量控制的重点和难点:能源生产侧减排的重点在于提高非化石电力占比,难点在于推进存量火电机组的碳减排;能源消费侧减排的重点在于控制新上重大产业项目排放,难点在于控制第三产业和居民生活领域碳排放;区域减排的重点在于优化产业布局和用能结构,难点在于对地区碳排放总量缺乏有效约束。并提出电力结构低碳化、重点行业控碳、试点城市率先达峰和政策协同四方面突破点,争取到"十四五"末浙江省碳排放总量得到有效控制,为全国碳排放达峰做出浙江贡献。     

基于投入产出生命周期模型的建筑业能耗及敏感性分析

建设活动消耗了大量能源,研究建筑业能耗测算方法并分析其影响因素有助于建筑业的节能减排. 采用投入产出生命周期评价模型测算建筑业能耗,分析建筑业能耗对部门间联系、部门能源强度和建筑业规模等因素变化的敏感性,提出部门对建筑业能耗的技术责任系数和结构责任系数,以判断部门在降低建筑业能耗中的责任. 结果表明,2010年我国建筑业能耗为1.07×109 t(以标准煤计);技术责任系数最大的部门是黑色金属冶炼及延压(0.489 8),其次是非金属矿物制品(0.479 8)和化工(0.211 8)等;除建筑业外,结构责任系数较大的部门包括非金属矿物制品(0.276 4)和黑色金属冶炼及延压(0.246 0)等;建筑业能耗对黑色金属冶炼及延压(0.243 8)和非金属矿物制品(0.203 4)等部门能源强度的变化最敏感. 降低建筑业能耗应注重促进高能耗建材生产节能、强化建设活动科学管理、推广高性能低能耗材料应用、提高基础设施建设水平和深化住房市场化改革等方面.      

Fuel type preference of taxi driver and its implications for air emissions

Natural gas became an available fuel for taxis in 2005 and had occupied a market share of 43.6% in taxi industry till 2010 in Nanjing, China. To investigate the energy replacement pattern as well as the pollutants reduction potential of the taxi industry, first, the fuel preference determinants of taxi drivers for their next taxis are analyzed. Results show that as an important alternative for the traditional gasoline, natural gas is widely accepted (75%) by taxi drivers. Different from the previous studies which focused on the early stage of cleaner fuel replacement, taxi drivers with various characteristics (such as age, working experience, and education level) are consistent with their fuel preference when they choose their next taxis. Result suggests that policies that concern consumers with specific characteristics may have little effects on the change of the market share, when the alternative fuel market has been developed well. In addition, the increased share of gas in the fuel market achieves a 7.2% reduction of energy consumption. Considering life cycle emissions, the following air pollutants, namely Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), carbonic oxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO_x), particulate matters (PM) and hydrocarbons (C_xH_y), gain 10.0%, 3.5%, 20.5%, 36.1%, and 26.4% of reduction respectively. Assuming all taxi fleets powered by natural gas with local policy intervention, the energy conservation and the five major air pollutant emissions could achieve the maximum reductions with 12.2%, 16.0%, 8.8%, 22.5%, 44.2%, and 49.4% correspondingly.     

中国水泥企业能源消耗特征分析

基于我国2007年水泥熟料全口径4 305家企业的能源消耗数据,分析了我国熟料生产企业的能耗特征,结论是企业分散,生产规模小(15.12×104 t/a),单位熟料能耗高(0.14 tce/t)。通过聚类分析,将熟料企业分为4类,提出小型企业是我国节能降耗和淘汰、重组与整合的重点。如果到2020年,全部淘汰小型企业和中型企业,则可以比基准情景节能0.19亿t标煤。     

微电子行业的环境效应分析

文中以芯片生产为例分析微电子行业的生产过程,发现该行业资源、能源消耗量大,使用的原料和排放废弃物中有毒有害物质含量较高,对社会环境潜在的压力很大;提出了在该行业推行节约化、清洁化生产的解决措施企业生产管理措施,法规手段,经济手段和信息措施;呼吁在我国大力发展微电子产业时,要吸取发达国家的经验教训,实施清洁生产,避免对环境造成严重的破坏。     

聚氯硫酸铝铁的制备及絮凝性能研究

以粉煤灰为主要原料制备聚氯硫酸铝铁(PAFCS)新型无机高分子絮凝剂,并对该絮凝剂的X-射线衍射图和透射电镜照片进行了分析;同时比较了该絮凝剂和聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂对模拟水样的净水效果,结果表明：该絮凝剂的除浊效果和沉降效果要优于聚合氯化铝(PAC)．     

厌氧发酵污泥燃料电池处理含铬废水的效能及机理

以厌氧发酵污泥为阳极底物、Cr(VI)为阴极电子受体构建双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察厌氧发酵污泥MFC系统处理含铬废水的性能及机理,并与原污泥MFC系统进行比较.发酵污泥MFC系统的开路电压为1.05V,最大功率密度为5722mW/m3,比原污泥MFC系统提高了57.8%.发酵污泥MFC系统的表观内阻为119.1Ω,比原污泥MFC系统降低了8.5%.发酵污泥MFC系统对Cr(VI)的去除符合一级动力学模型,速率常数为0.0514h-1,比原污泥MFC系统提高了36.7%.污泥经厌氧发酵后可溶性有机物浓度增加,产生了大量短链脂肪酸,它们是产电微生物易于摄取的阳极底物,因而提高了MFC系统的产电性能及Cr(VI)去除效果.     

Optimization of mixture ratio of electrolyte for reducing activation resistance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell

The purpose of this study is to find an optimal mixture ratio of the platinum-loaded carbon catalyst and the electrolyte in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell for reducing the activation resistance, which influences the electrochemical surface area, activation polarization, and maximum power density of the MEA. First, mixture ratios of 10, 20, 40, and 60 wt% platinum-loaded carbon catalysts and electrolyte were examined. The results indicated that the fuel cell performance improved for mixing weight ratios of 1.0:2.0 in 10 wt% Pt/C, 1.0:1.8 in 20 wt% Pt/C, 1.0:1.1 in 40 wt% Pt/C, and 1.0:0.5 in 60 wt% Pt/C. Next, we evaluated the activation resistances of the MEA from the AC impedance characteristics using the optimal mixing weight ratio of the platinum-loaded carbon catalyst and the electrolyte. It was found that the activation resistances of the anode and cathode decrease with an increase in the weight ratio of platinum-loaded carbon in the catalyst layer.     

淮河流域粮食生产与化肥消费时空变化及对水环境影响

以淮河流域172 个县为研究单元,基于1990、1995、2000、2005 和2010 年分县粮食、化肥及2010 年水环境数据,采用ESDA模型、重力模型、回归分析和GIS 空间技术方法,分别对流域粮食生产与化肥消费的空间集聚程度及重心进行测定,在此基础上分析了流域粮食生产与化肥消费的动态时空变化规律、耦合关系及其对流域水环境影响。结果表明：①粮食生产与化肥消费的“高-高”和“低-低”集聚区存在显著空间正相关,空间聚集特征明显,“高-高”类型区主要集中分布在流域下游的苏北平原和皖北平原,“低-低”类型区主要集中分布在流域上游的伏牛山、桐柏山和沂蒙等山区;②重心分析表明,20 a 来粮食生产和化肥消费的重心逐步由流域东北向西南方向移动,分别移动了29.51 km和34.97 km,两者重心之间距离呈现近似“W”的“先减后增再减再增”徘徊特点;③流域粮食生产与化肥消费的“高-高”和“低-低”集聚区在流域空间位置上高度耦合,呈现增减协同的时空演进格局,且两者重心时空演变轨迹具有同向性,空间耦合特征显著;④回归分析表明化肥消费是流域水环境污染的主要贡献因子和污染来源,也表明流域粮食生产过程中环境成本较大,呈外部不经济效应。     

Microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus as renewable biomass feedstock for electricity generation in microbial fuel cells （MFCs）

Renewable algae biomass, Scenedesmus obliquus, was used as substrate for generating electricity in two chamber microbial fuel cells （MFCs）. From polarization test, maximum power density with pretreated algal biomass was 102mW·m^2 （951mW·m^3） at current generation of 276mA·m^-2. The individual electrode potential as a function of current generation suggested that anodic oxidation process of algae substrate had limitation for high current generation in MFC. Total chemical oxygen demand （TCOD） reduction of 74% was obtained when initial TCOD concentration was 534mg · L^-1 for 150 h of operation. The main organic compounds of algae oriented biomass were lactate and acetate, which were mainly used for electricity generation. Other byproducts such as propionate and butyrate were formed at a negligible amount. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy （EIS） analysis pinpointed the charge transfer resistance （112Ω ） of anode electrode, and the exchange current density of anode electrode was 1214 nA·cm^-2.